The surface chemistry of Bayer process solids: a review

The Bayer process is used for refining bauxite to smelting grade alumina (Al₂O₃), the precursor to aluminium. The process was developed and patented by Karl Josef Bayer 110 years ago, and has become the cornerstone of the aluminium production industry worldwide. Production of alumina reached 46.8 megatonnes (Mt) worldwide by the end of 1997, with Australia the worlds largest producer of bauxite and refiner of alumina with just under 30% of world production. Although the refining process is well established and the basic theories underpinning it are well defined, the fundamental chemistry of the Bayer process is not well understood. Of particular interest to industrial and academic researchers alike, is the chemistry of the Bayer process solids—aluminium trihydroxide, ‘red mud’ and sodium oxalate. The surface chemistry of these solids is of great industrial importance as the refining industry experiences significant restrictions due to limitations imposed on the process by surface chemical reactions. Of scientific interest is the conceptual advancement of our knowledge and understanding of the nature of surfaces under extreme (non-ideal) conditions. A review of the current literature relating to these important Bayer process solids is thus presented. While not exhaustive, the review is thorough and aims to familiarise the reader with current levels of understanding regarding the nature of Bayer process solids surfaces under Bayer process conditions, and the significant roles these solids play in the overall efficiency of the refining process. It is hoped that this review will provide a useful starting point for researchers new to the area of Bayer process research, whilst also stimulating further fundamental research in this economically and scientifically significant area.     

Temperature-dependent conductance in single and multiple quantum dots: the role of the disorder

We present calculations of conductance, G, as a function of inverse temperature, 1 / T, for a quantum dot array with disorder, a clean quantum dot enclosed by soft boundaries and a simple two resonance model. The behavior in each case is qualitatively similar, with G appearing to increase exponentially provided one starts at a minimum. Unlike some recent experimental studies, we do not see any logarithmic behavior at low temperatures.     

2—Harmonic Totally Real Submanifolds in a Complex Projective Space

２－ＨａｒｍｏｎｉｃＴｏｔａｌｌｙＲｅａｌＳｕｂｍａｎｉｆｏｌｄｓｉｎａＣｏｍｐｌｅｘ　Ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　ＳｐａｃｅＳｕｎＨｏｎｇａｎ（孙弘安）（ＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｔａｌｌｕｒｇｙ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ...     

关于S^n＋p和CP^n＋p中的极小子流形

本文改进了分别由Ｓ．Ｔ．Ｙａｕ，Ａ．Ｒｏｓ及沈一兵给出的关于单位球面Ｓｎ＋ｐ的极小流形和复射影空间ＣＰ＾ｎ＋ｐ的Ｋａｅｈｌｅｒ子流形及全实极小子流形的截面曲率的Ｐｉｎｃｈｉｎｇ常数。     

石棉红花岗石与芝麻白花岗石的光谱的研究

本文用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法，Ｘ射线荧光光谱法、红外光谱以及Ｘ射线衍射谱测定了石棉红花岗石和芝麻白花岗石的成分和光谱、根据石棉红岗石和芝麻白花岗石的Ｘ射线衍射谱，用计算机检索它们的组成，对计算机检索的结果进行对比得出，石棉红花岗石的红色是由于它含有Ｆｅ的红色矿物而产生的。     

New polynuclear 4,4ˈ-bis-1,2,4-triazole Fe(II) spin crossover compounds

Two novel polynuclear Fe(II) spin crossover materials of formula 〚Fe(btr)₃〛 〚Fe(btr)₂(H₂O)₂〛(anion)₄, where btr = 4,4′-bis–1,2,4-triazole and anion = BF₄^–, PF₆^–, have been prepared and their spin transition characteristics studied over the temperature range 5–300 K. They both reveal incomplete spin crossover behaviour. Two different Fe(II) lattice sites of the FeN₆ and FeN₄O₂ type are distinguished by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The first site is responsible for the SC behaviour whereas the second one remains high-spin throughout the whole temperature range. This explains why it is not possible to switch all the Fe(II) ions to the low-spin state by application of hydrostatic pressure for the BF₄^– derivative. The temperature dependence of the population of these sites has been carefully analysed by Mössbauer spectroscopy.     

Composites based on SiO2 micrograins and cobalt-containing nanoparticles: Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Cobalt-containing particles are synthesized on the surface of silicon dioxide micrograins prepared by the Stöber-Fink method. The composition and structure of nanoparticles are determined by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and EXAFS. The average size of cobalt nanoparticles in the samples is found to be 14 ± 5 nm. The resulting composites are shown to be ferromagnetics with low specific magnetization values.     

一类带滞量的微分方程解的表达式的讨论

本讨论了方程ａｎｘ＾（ｎ）（ｔ）＋…＋ａ０ｘ（ｔ）＋ｂｘ（ｔ－τ）＝ｔ＾ｋ的解的一些表达式。     

Highly stable PtRuTiOx/C anode electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells

In the present investigation, PtRuTiO_x/C electrocatalyst was prepared by a modified polyol synthesis method and the as-prepared electrocatalyst was treated under the reductive atmosphere (30 vol% H₂ in Ar) at 500 °C for 2 h (denoted as PtRuTiO_x/C-500) to enhance the interaction between the metal particles and the support. For comparison, the commercial PtRu/C electrocatalyst was also treated by the same procedure as PtRuTiO_x/C (denoted as PtRu/C-500). Transmission electron microscopy results indicated that PtRuTiO_x/C electrocatalyst exhibited not only a uniform dispersion and narrow size distribution with a smaller particle size, but also excellent stability during the thermal treatment. In contrast, the commercial PtRu/C electrocatalyst is not stable during the thermal treatment and the metal particles greatly agglomerated. The results of CO-stripping voltammetry, single direct methanol fuel cell tests and life-time test jointly showed that PtRuTiO_x/C-500 had better durability than commercial PtRu/C while keeping a desirable activity toward methanol electro-oxidation, which may be attributed to the addition of titanium oxide that improved the interaction between noble metal particles and the support.     

标准Jacobi矩阵的混合型特征反问题

0 引言 本文讨论如下标准形式的Jacobi矩阵 其中a_i>0(i=1,2,…,n),b_i>0(i=1,2,…,n-1)。 对于Jacobi矩阵(对称三对角矩阵)的特征反问题,已有的成果[1],基本上集中在由两组频谱或两个特征对(指特征值及相应的特征向量)构造Jacobi矩阵的元素这样两类问题上,习惯上称之为频谱型或特征向量型反问题。本文提出且求解了第三类型——混合型特征反问题。即由一组频谱数据和一个特征向量构造矩阵元素的问题: 问题Ⅰ 给定正数λ~(1),λ~(2),…,λ~(n)和实向量x=(x_1,x_2,…,x_n)~T,其中x_1=1。构造一个标准形式的Jacobi矩阵J,使其第k阶顺序主子阵恰以λ~(k)(k=1,2,…,n)为其特征值。且(λ~(n),x)为其特征对。 问题Ⅱ 给定正数0<λ_1~(n)<λ_1~(n-1)<…<λ_1~(1)和正向量x=(x_1,x_2,…,x_n),其中x_=,x_k>0(k=2,…,n),构造一个标准形式的Jacobi矩阵J,使其第K阶顺序主子阵恰以λ_1~(k)为其最小特征值,而(λ~(n),x)为J的特征对。 问题Ⅲ 给定n个实数0<λ_1)<λ_2<…<λ_n和m个实数λ~(1),λ~(2),…,λ~(m)及m维向量x=(x_1,…,x_m)~T。构造n阶标准形式的Jaeobi矩阵J,使其第K阶顺序主子阵恰以λ~(k)(k=1,2,…,m)为其特征值,而(λ~(m),x)为第m阶顺序主子阵的特征对,且λ_k(k=1,2,…,n)为J的特征值。这里系大于或等